The Sepoy Mutiny Of 1857 Essays - British East India Company

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 As with any conflict or controversy there are always two sides to the debate, and the events in India during 1857 are certainly no exception. Given the situation in India during the nineteenth century it is hardly surprising that such a polarisation of opinion exists regarding the context of the rebellious events during that year. The British being in control of the subcontinent and their sense of superiority over their Indian subjects, would naturally seek to downplay any acts of rebellion. While the Indian subjects on the other hand would arguably wish to exaggerate and over emphasise the importance of these events, as a means of promoting the nationalist cause for self determination. The truth of the events themselves, does it lie towards the British account or the Indian pro nationalistic side, or could there be a certain amount of truth in both sides of the debate. Metcalf in his account cites three indisputable factors behind the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Primarily he sees `accumulating grievances of the Sepoy Army of Bengal' as the most important factor. The reasons behind this `deterioration of morale' amongst the army lay with several reasons. Much of the Sepoy army was comprised of `Brahmins and other high caste Hindus' who assisted in promoting a `focus of sedition'. The `generally poor ezdard of British officers', plus the lack of improvement to the overall position of those men serving in the army also increased the level of tension. At this point it should be remembered that the `Bengal Army differed from those of Bengal and Madras', as the Bombay and Madras armies took no part in the rebellion of 1857. But the more pronounced military factor was the lack of British troops in the `Gangetic plain' meant that many areas were `virtually denuded of British troops'. These military grievances which although significant were not themselves enough to incite rebellion, as it took a perceived attack on the Sepoy religious institutions to trigger of the rebellion. The first of these perceived threats was that the British government was preparing to dismantle the caste system and `convert them forcibly to Christianity'. Although not based on fact the actions of some `pious British officers did nothing to dispel' the rumours to the contrary. Added to this British lethargy was the Brahmins who tended to be `peculiarly watchful for potential threats to their religion and caste'. Secondly, the introduction in 1857 of the `new Enfield rifle' with its distinct ammunition, which required the bullet to be `bitten before loading'. Rumours that the grease used on the bullets was either from the fat of cattle or pigs, which either proved `sacred to Hindus' or `pollution to Muslims', was interpreted as attacking at the core of the Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs. These rumours unlike those regarding the conversion to Christianity and dismantling of the caste system, did prove to have a factual basis, as the British government `withdrew the objectionable grease'. This belated action proved futile as the damage had already been done. However this only accounts for the military aspects of the uprising which display the version of events `accepted in official circles [as] basically army mutinies'. This version preferred by the British fails to acknowledge the level of `widespread unrest among the civilian population', who saw much of the British government's actions as amounting to interference and contempt for the `long established rules and customs'. Disraeli saw the causes of the uprising as not being the `conduct of men who were ... the exponents of general discontent' amongst the Bengal army. For Disraeli the root cause was the overall administration by the government, which he regarded as having `alienated or alarmed almost every influential class in the country'. Yet other British saw the overall social situation and government administration as having no effect in causing the uprising. For officials like Sir John Lawrence the `immediate cause of the revolt' was the concerns held by Sepoys over the new ammunition for the Enfield rifles. However, he sees this as just the trigger incident, with the root cause being the long term reduction in discipline in the army and the poor ezdard of officers in command. The British ezdpoint is to regard

The instability in Israel essays

The instability in Israel essays The subject that I will be focussing on is: Why has there been instability in Israel from its formation in 1948 to present day. This question can be broken down into several key areas: The Balfour Declaration of 1917; The creation of Israel; The subsequent four wars; Egyptian-Israeli peace talks; Turmoil in Lebanon and 90s to present day. I will focus on the Palestinian point of view as well as the Israeli. I will use biographies written by both sides and their own interpretations of what was going on along side them. I will show that for there to be peace in Israel, Israel must adopt a policy, which is less prejudice towards the Arab Israelis who live in Israel but are Muslim. They must also decide what is more important land or peace. I will also show that Palestinians need to be realistic as to the land that they can receive and that compromise on their part could stop the crisis. I will also show that Israelis have been as much to blame for the violence that is still going on today. I will also use newspaper articles to show the different ways in which Palestinians and Israelis are viewed by the media bo th in the past and the present. In November 1917, The Balfour Declaration sent to a leading Zionist, Lord Rothschild stated that the British government believed that a national home for the Jews should be created in Palestine. The Zionists were an extremist group who believed that it was essential that Jewish people should have a homeland of their own. Their rights to Palestine are on the basis that in the Old Testament god promised Jews Palestine as their homeland. Britain ruled Palestine, by the end of the 19th century and this did not please the Arabs who had expected self-government and an Arab state. The aspect of the declaration that I am interested in is the place where it states ...the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people... This has been misinterpret...

Transcription vs. Translation

Transcription vs. Translation Evolution, or the change in species over time, is driven by the process of natural selection. In order for natural selection to work, individuals within a population of a species must have differences within the traits they express. Individuals with the desirable traits and   for their environment will survive long enough to reproduce and pass down the genes that code for those characteristics to their offspring. Individuals that are deemed â€Å"unfit† for their environment will die before they are able to pass down those undesirable genes to the next generation. Over time, only the genes that code for the desirable adaptation will be found in the gene pool. The availability of these traits are dependent upon gene expression. Gene expression is made possible by the proteins that are made by cells during   and translation. Since genes are coded for in the DNA and the DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins, the expression of the genes are controlled by which portions of the DNA get copied and made into the proteins. Transcription The first step of gene expression is called transcription. Transcription is creation of a  messenger RNA molecule that is the complement of a single strand of DNA. Free floating RNA nucleotides get matched up to the DNA following the base pairing rules. In transcription, adenine is paired with uracil in RNA and guanine is paired with cytosine. The RNA polymerase molecule puts the messenger RNA nucleotide sequence in the correct order and binds them together. It is also the enzyme that is responsible for checking for mistakes or mutations in the sequence. Following transcription, the messenger RNA molecule is processed through a process called RNA splicing. Parts of the messenger RNA that do not code for the protein that needs to be expressed are cut out and the pieces are spliced back together. Additional protective caps and tails are added to the messenger RNA at this time as well. Alternative splicing can be done to the RNA to make a single strand of messenger RNA able to produce many different genes. Scientists believe this is how adaptations can occur without mutations happening at the molecular level. Now that the messenger RNA is fully processed, it can leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope and proceed to the cytoplasm where it will meet up with a ribosome and undergo translation. This second part of gene expression is where the actual polypeptide that will eventually become the expressed protein is made. In translation, the messenger RNA gets sandwiched between the large and small subunits of the ribosome. Transfer RNA will bring over the correct amino acid to the ribosome and messenger RNA complex. The transfer RNA recognizes the messenger RNA codon, or three nucleotide sequence, by matching up its own anit-codon complement and binding to the messenger RNA strand. The ribosome moves to allow another transfer RNA to bind and the amino acids from these transfer RNA create a peptide bond between them and severing the bond between the amino acid and the transfer RNA. The ribosome moves again and the now free transfer RNA can go find another amino acid and be reused. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a â€Å"stop† codon and at that point, the polypeptide chain and the messenger RNA are released from the ribosome. The ribosome and messenger RNA can be used again for further translation and the polypeptide chain can go off for some more processing to be made into a protein. The rate at which transcription and translation occur drive evolution, along with the chosen alternative splicing of the messenger RNA. As new genes are expressed and frequently expressed, new proteins are made and new adaptations and traits can be seen in the species. Natural selection then can work on these different variants and the species becomes stronger and survives longer. Translation The second major step in gene expression is called translation. After the messenger RNA makes a complementary strand to a single strand of DNA in transcription, it then gets processed during RNA splicing and is then ready for translation. Since the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, it has to first move out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores and out into the cytoplasm where it will encounter the ribosomes needed for translation. Ribosomes are an organelle within a cell that helps assemble proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA and can either be free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum making it rough endoplasmic reticulum. A ribosome has two subunits - a larger upper subunit and the smaller lower subunit. A strand of messenger RNA is held between the two subunits as it goes through the process of translation. The upper subunit of the ribosome has three binding sites called the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites. These sites sit on top of the messenger RNA codon, or a three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome as an attachment to a transfer RNA molecule. The transfer RNA has an anti-codon, or complement of the messenger RNA codon, on one end and an amino acid that the codon specifies on the other end. The transfer RNA fits into the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites as the polypeptide chain is built. The first stop for the transfer RNA is a â€Å"A† site. The â€Å"A† stands for aminoacyl-tRNA, or a transfer RNA molecule that has an amino acid attached to it. This is where the anti-codon on the transfer RNA meets up with the codon on the messenger RNA and binds to it. The ribosome then moves down and the transfer RNA is now within the â€Å"P† site of the ribosome. The â€Å"P† in this case stands for peptidyl-tRNA. In the â€Å"P† site, the amino acid from the transfer RNA gets attached via a peptide bond to the growing chain of amino acids making a polypeptide. At this point, the amino acid is no longer attached to the transfer RNA. Once the bonding is complete, the ribosome moves down once again and the transfer RNA is now in the â€Å"E† site, or the â€Å"exit† site and the transfer RNA leaves the ribosome and can find a free floating amino acid and be used again. Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon and the final amino acid has been attached to the long polypeptide chain, the ribosome subunits break apart and the messenger RNA strand is released along with the polypeptide. The messenger RNA may then go through translation again if more than one of the polypeptide chain is needed. The ribosome is also free to be reused. The polypeptide chain can then be put together with other polypeptides to create a fully functioning protein. The rate of translation and the amount of polypeptides created can drive evolution. If a messenger RNA strand is not translated right away, then its protein it codes for will not be expressed and can change the structure or function of an individual. Therefore, if many different proteins are translated and expressed, a species can evolve by expressing new genes that may not have been available in the gene pool before. Similarly, if an is not favorable, it may cause the gene to stop being expressed. This inhibition of the gene may occur by not transcribing the DNA region that codes for the protein, or it could happen by not translating the messenger RNA that was created during transcription.

Management Accounting Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Accounting Master - Essay Example Due to the changes taking place in the accounting field today, it is necessary to bring appropriate measures for improving the managerial accounting techniques and procedures. Obtaining adequate in formations required for the organization is the main driving force for change. For meeting the organizational goals, it is necessary to implement the relevant managerial accounting policies effectively. Increased competition requires adequate changes in the management techniques. Earlier period, management accounting was concentrated for the determination of cost, control of finance, and also to provide concentration for minimizing the wastage of resources. In addition to this, the management accountant is also responsible for the preparation of accounting statements in an effective manner. But recently, the role of management accountant is enhanced due to the changing scenario of the world of accounting. As far as an organization is taken in to consideration, management accountant is resp onsible for taking the adequate managerial decisions for the future running of the entity. Management accountant is one who should possess thorough knowledge about the relevant aspects of the enterprise as a whole. The concept of accounting point of view of both management and financial accounting is not at all similar. The MIS (Management Information System) is very crucial in recent days. "MIS (management information systems) is a general term for the computer systems in an enterprise that provide information about its business operations. It's also used to refer to the people who manage these systems." (Moore 2007). For the purpose of mitigating the existing difficulties associated with the concept of managerial accounting and its principles and policies, it is necessary to undertake effective implementation strategy and also to undertake the reinvention of management accountants. The organizational customs and its environmental factors are also effecting this reinvention to certain extend. Management accounting principles and its applications are fundamental for the preparation of financial statements and report to the entity for taking appropriate future decisions. Management accounting is highly concentrating for taking the most relevant decision required within the organization, and it is necessary to obtain the proper information about the entity for taking decisions, and such information should be more accurate in nature. MIS is a significant concept, because it is possible to undertake the business operations more effectively through this system. So, major factors responsible for changes in the management information system are- Changes take place in the economy. Awareness about global competition. Emergence of recent innovative measures and technology. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the changes in the organization in an effective manner for taking the prominent decision which may affect the performance of the entity in future. Implementation of strategic management accounting tools are also effective for this. So, the effective installation of the MIS is important for the adequate functioning of an entity. It is very essential to maintain and develop a proper accounting theory for the proper implementation of accounting procedures and the effective reporting of

Ethical Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Hacking - Essay Example Even mundane day to day tasks rely on the use of computers. Technology is evolving at an unprecedented rate and as a result the products that reach the market are engineered more for ease of use rather than secure computing. With the increased numbers and expanding knowledge of ill-intentioned crackers, combined with the growing number of system vulnerabilities and other unknowns, organizations (universities, corporate companies, NGOs, hospitals etc) need to be more proactive in securing their sensitive networks and data. More and more companies now believe in the quote: "To catch a thief, think like a thief" and hiring ethical hackers to ensure information system security. For a long time, the term Ethical Hacking has been termed to be an oxymoron. This is mainly because of the misappropriate information imparted by misinformed or more appropriately, 'lesser informed' people. Since a long time, zealous and intelligent information system professionals who can get around a computer issue through innovation have categorized themselves into two categories: Black Hat Society (Crackers) and White Hat Society (Hackers).

The Ages of Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Ages of Poetry Essay The English Romantic poets of the 19th Century had a conception about nature that, over a century later, appears in the poetry of today. These poets have had a significant influence on the attitude and vocabulary a contemporary poet uses. Among the contemporary poets, Dana Gioia, in his two poems, Becoming a Redwood, and Rough Country, has drawn on the idea of the innocence and untainted part of nature that parallels the Romantic poetry of William Wordsworth and William Blake in their poems Nutting, and The Tyger. Also, Gioia has captured the wild-like and untamable demeanor of nature that many English Romantics have similarly captured. Finally, Gioia uses the concept of the sublime in his poetry to the extent that nature becomes dangerous to humans. Many English Romantic poets have written about the innocent and purity that can be found in nature. In Wordsworths Nutting, he comments on the beauty of the innocence of an unvisited nook his character discovers. Wordsworth writes, Unvisited, where not a broken bough / Drooped with its withered leaves, ungracious sign / Of devastation; but the hazels rose / tall and erect, with tempting clusters hung, / A virgin scene! (Ln17-31) Wordsworth is commenting on the innocence and beauty of nature without human intrusion. This Romantic conception of innocence parallels Gioia in his poem Rough Country. He writes, a spot so hard to reach that no one comes / a hiding place, a shrine for dragonflies / and nesting jays, a sign that there is still / one piece of property that wont be owned. (17-20) This last line implies that this part of nature will remain untouched, this part of nature will remain pure and innocent, and a Romantic conception of nature that even Gioia has adopted in his poetry. Another conception that the English Romantics held about nature was that nature is wild and untamable. This wild-like aspect of nature is described in William Blakes The Tyger. Blake writes, Tyger, Tyger / Burning bright / In the forests of the night / What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? (1-4) Blake creates this image of the Tyger as a wild beast, an untamable creature of the forest, and thereby composes nature the same way. Gioia in many ways parallels this view in his poems. In his poem Rough Country, nature is viewed as a place no engineers can  master, (6)a landscape made of obstacles / of steep hills and jutting glacial rock.(1-2) This nature Gioia describes is not sweet and delicate or fantastic; on the contrary, this attitude toward nature is fierce and ferine. The landscape of the nature in this rough country is not welcoming to humans tread, just as the Tyger in William Blakes poem would not be. In Gioias Becoming a Redwood, a wild and untamed animal is also found in this passage, Something moves nearby. Coyotes hunt / these hills and packs of feral dogs. / But standing here accepts all that. (19-21) Both the Tyger and the coyote have the instinct that embodies nature and both are wild animals. Gioia draws on the Romantic conception that there is wild freedom found in nature. This concept of wild freedom and untamable nature can be more clearly seen through the diction of the poems. Wordsworth writes, At thorns, and brakes, and brambles, and, in truth, / More ragged than need was! Oer pathless rocks, / Through beds of matted fern, and tangled thickets, / Forcing my way, I came to one dear nook / Unvisited. (13-17) In Gioias Rough Country, he uses words like tangled (10) and twisting (13) and thorn thick underbrush, (13) all of which Wordsworth uses in his poem Nutting. Gioia writes, Where tall black trunks of lightning-scalded pine / push through the tangled woods to make a roost / for hawks and swarming crows. / And sharp inclines / where twisting through the thorn-thick underbrush.(9-14) In each passage, these poets present nature as something wild, rugged, and difficult to maneuver simply through their chosen words. There is also a certain fear and respect of the wild, the rugged, and the untamable part of nature that can be seen in the poems of the English Romantics. In Wordsworths, The Prelude: Book 1, 340-400, he talks about the powerful image of the peak, a huge peak, black and huge / as if with voluntary power instinct. (39-40) Introducing the concept of the sublime he writes, And growing still in stature and grim shape / Towered up between me and the stars, and still, / For so it seemed, with purpose of its own / And measured motion like a living thing, / Strode after me. With trembling oars I turned. (42-46) The powerful presence of this mountain, and its inability to be controlled causes man to fear it, and thus fear nature. William Blake can also see the danger of nature in The Tyger. The Tyger represents a villainous side to nature, one that is careless, and does not worry about man. He writes, In what distant deeps or skies / Burnt the fire of thine eyes? / On what wings dare he aspire? / What the hand dare seize the fire? (5-8) This frightening aspect of the sublime, one in which man is afraid yet in awe of the power of nature can be seen in the work of Gioia. In Gioias, Becoming a Redwood, we are in awe of nature with the magnificence of the towering redwood tree. Gioia writes, Unimaginable the redwoods on the far hill / rooted for centuries, the living wood grown tall / and thickened with a hundred thousand days of light. (13-15) With this splendor the wild part of nature implies that there is danger nearby. He writes, Part of the grass that answers the wind / part of the midnights watchfulness that knows / there is no silence but when danger comes. (25-27) This English Romantic concept of sublime that Gioia uses, makes humans to not only fear nature such as the Tyger or the mountains, but also to hold high respect for its beauty and magnificence. It is interesting to see how much of our history actually does repeat itself. It is amazing that even today, we are asking the same questions about nature and coming to similar conclusions as people did in the 19th century. Its not that nature hasnt changed, but the attitudes toward nature still build on many general English Romantic ideas. Dana Gioia, in particular, has taken some of the same attitudes toward nature as the Romantics have; he has developed the untamable and wildness of nature, the innocent and virgin, as well as the sublime in his two poems, Becoming a Redwood, and Rough Country. English Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth and William Blake influence each of his poems. Because of their strong influence on contemporary poets today, it would not be surprising to see their influence carry on in yet another century, and have the influence on poets for years to come.

Emerging Female Literature in the 15th and 16th Century :: Free Essay Writer

With the â€Å"successive reigns by two educated queens† in the sixteenth century there began a close examination of the woman’s role in society (Hull 1). Although nothing drastic, small numbers of women began to gain an education which taught them to read. The exact number is unknown and there is some controversy as to how many women could actually read. However, according to Suzanne Hull the â€Å"small but steady stream of books for a female audience† (Hull 1) indicates that there were a growing number of women who could read. These books were directed towards women for various reasons. One main reason was to â€Å"instruct women in their roles as marriage partners, making certain that women (and men) understood the subservient role of the female sex† (Hull 6). Many books focused on the daily activities of women–â€Å"mid-wifery, cooking, housewifery. . .education of young girls. . .Benedictine rules† (Hull 10) are some of the s ubjects addressed. These educational texts far outnumbered the fictional texts. However, this was rapidly changing. As the number of women reading increased, so did the publishing of recreational books (Hull 74). More women began to read â€Å"the romances (see history of the novel), the poetry, the jingles. . .allegories. . .[and] female biographies† (Hull 71). This brought up controversy about what girls were putting into their heads (see controversy). â€Å"Both the feminist and anti-feminist positions appear in drama and fiction as well as philosophical arguments† (Hull 83). However, try as they might, the anti-feminists were fighting a losing battle. Although this controversy of what women read was not as strong as it was in the eighteenth century–there were other topics which led great debate. One such topic was the nature of women. These arguments included that women were inferior because they were created from Adam’s rib, men are stronger and therefore superior, Eve as a woman, caused the original sin. With each argument is a counter argument which allowed this topic to be discussed for many, many years.

Employment Relations Japan Essay

Japanese culture is highly diverse as compared to the other western nations, due to their stringent localized policies and protectionist laws which are meant to protect their local businesses and populace. The culture of the Japanese is deemed as an over-achieving culture with each individual striving to become the best at their chosen work and tasks. Companies across the globe acknowledge that the industries, within which the Japanese enter, become dominated by Japanese companies within the top 3 market positions (Alexander, 2003). The same philosophy is translated into the workforce and even before the Second World War, the Japanese were adopting practices meant to create product quality and best business practices. However, the first disparities amongst the working class and the ruling samurai elite began during the war periods and the people who worked in factories and industries realized the injustice of their working conditions during the war times (Morishima, 1982). The sources in this paper will be books and academic journal extracts which have been stated after considerable time and effort has been involved into the validation of the statements as facts and after they have been approved by other accomplished individuals in the topic. The paper has been divided into 6 basic chapters. The first chapter discusses the development of the employment relations of Japanese businesses and workforce. The history is discussed within this portion of the paper. The second chapter identifies the various labour market parties existing in the Japanese business spheres. The parties are divided along the lines of labor unions, employers’ associations and various state roles in maintaining employment relations. The third chapter of the paper discusses the main employment relations processes in the Japanese organizational structure and talk about topics such as collective bargaining and employee participation and degree of involvement. The next chapter looks at the current trends and future issues pertaining to the employee relations model in Japan and is purely analytical. Finally the summary is included which will provide the concise description of the key findings and the advantages and limitations of the data sources. The bibliography will identify the various sources used in the formulation of this paper. The early organization of workers and employers As discussed earlier, the Japanese society can be divided along the lines of the merchants, traders and businessmen and the samurai class. The two groups were responsible for conducting certain activities and this system was dominant since the pre-world war era. In the post world war era, the borders of Japan opened up considerably and the western styles of management began entering the nation. The USA played an integral role in helping in formulating the new business models for Japan as the western world became very interested in the business potential in the Asian part of the world (Tabb, 1995). A key element to recognize regarding the organizational structures in Japan is that in japanese organizations, even to date, the vertical hierarchy is very important in the business functions and no matter how the company appears to be decentralized, the actuality lies in the fact that employees further down the hierarchy are usually expected to obtain greater responsibility rather than be able to make decisions in a more decentralized role (Tabb, 1995). This notion of vertical hierarchy has prevailed throughout the Japanese organizational culture and played a detrimental role in the evolution of current organizational structures and employee relations models. Recognition of Trade Unions Up till the World War, the Japanese did not look favorably towards the trade unions and the Japanese culture encouraged the owners the right to do as they pleased while maintaining responsibility over their workers. The Japanese culture is centered around the master-worker relationship with the master being responsible for watching out for the benefits of his workers while the workers would be required to fulfill their masters demands unflinchingly. The Fukuzawa and Shibusawa philosophies were particularly centered on the debate regarding this relationship and played an important role in forming organizational structures. Therefore in the pre-world war era the concept of unions was not popular in Japan. However, following the US entry into Japan some changes began to appear in the organizational models. Trade and industrial unions began being fostered under the US supervision and the legal barriers against union formation were abolished. The communists and socialists activists were released from the prisons and this accelerated the number of unions being formed for the protection of the workers against the ruling class and by 1949, a mere 2 years since the movement began, around 34000 unions had been created with around 7 million members in totality (Pempel, 1998). The purpose of the Japanese unions however were not industrial but seemed to be attracted towards political linkages as most unions sided with the Japanese Communist Party and the Japanese Socialist Party and these unions began using their influence towards blackmailing the government through strikes and sit-ins on a fairly regular level (Pempel, 1998). The unions are still politically inclined and unlike the US style, are fairly active in political agendas. Role of the State in the formative period The Sanbetsu Kaigi was a major union which easily rallied workers against the government and the government found that the leftist were using the unions to pressurize the government into meeting their demands by manipulating with the country’s production levels. The government realized that it would need to take matters into its own hands as by the end of 1948, the total production was still only 65% of the level which was produced in 1930-4 (Neary, 2002). The response to this issue came in the form of creating second unions and lock-outs on the part of organizations to decrease the reliance on the trouble-making militant groups. The second unions were more compliant and would be as large as the minimum required number of people to run the factory. The government responded by conducting a â€Å"red purge† which was aimed at removing communist factions from within unions and during the 1950s the government and SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) implemented policies to remove communist members from public posts and universities (Neary, 2002). We can therefore see that the state played a directly involved role in creating the structure of the unions and unlike free market economies where the market pressures dictate formulation of such entities, the government was forming the structures itself. Diversification of Interests and Organizations The trade union movement in Japan was legally liberalized over the next 10 years following the World War. The radical trade union movements which were steeped in leftist ideology were gradually overcome as the employers and organizations tried to maintain communication linkages with the workers and by using the intensive communication and offering humanitarian services. Trade unions in Japan are organized on the enterprise base unlike other countries where the trade unions are usually industrial or craft based (Tsujino, 1992). The enterprise based unions differ from other global unions because the members of this unions wish for the enterprise to succeed as it would result in greater salaries and better workplace atmosphere. Unlike trade unions meant for entire industries, these enterprise based unions have a clearer vision and goal. The Japanese trade unions hence become more employee oriented and lead to greater humanitarian concerns from the organizations. Trade Unions The trade union structure within Japan lies in the manner that the most basic unit is the enterprise trade union. This trade union falls within an industrial federation which is itself affiliated with a general peak union organization (Benson & Zhu, 2008). As of 2005 the number of unions stood at 61,178 which was a decline of 15. 3 percent from 1990. The total number of union members at the time amounted to 10,014,000 which was also a decline in the total number of members since 1990 at a declining rate of 18. 7 percent. The major national peak union federation in Japan is the Japanese Trade Union Confederation (locally known as Rengo) which constitutes 54 industrial union federations (as of 2006). Rengo itself was created in 1987 by a merger between 5 private sector peak union bodies. The unity is sketchy in the union movement and it lacks a unifying factor. Two other major peak union bodies which have surfaced are: the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenroren), a militaristic and highly political-agenda union peak body and The National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo). The total percentage of union members within these 3 bodies amounts to 75. 6% as of 2003 (Benson & Zhu, 2008). Employers’ Associations Associations which are legally recognized by the state are often referred to as Employers’ associations. Unlike other countries, Japan has one major employers’ association which basically covers all the country’s private enterprises under its umbrella. The Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations (Nikkeiren) is the body which represents and coordinates the body dealings with labour and social issues in the state. All the employers’ associations are coordinated within this body and aims to increase cooperation between the associations. Nikkeiren is composed of 47 prefectural and 54 industrial associations and in totality covers around 30,000 corporations. Even though the body does not negotiate on the part of its members, it does take interest in the negotiation process (International Labour Organization, 1994). The role of the state in employment relations Unlike many western countries, the state actively participates in the employment relations and dictates the actions of the organizations and companies in formulating employee relationships and the level of benefits and services to be provided to the employees of an organization. The state keeps a role similar to a guardian as well as a supervising body for the employee relations to be maintained by an organization and the various employers’ associations and trade unions. Due to the turbulent past, the government does not leave the bodies with a free reign and supervises their actions and observes their policies vigilantly. It comes as no surprise then that the state plays a more involved role in Japanese employment relations as compared to that of the role played by Western countries such as USA and UK. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining has been researched frequently for the context of Japanese businesses. Empirical studies have been conducted in this regard to see the correlation of the collective bargaining technique as a tool for unions with which to deal with labor demands. The evidence proves that there are important implications in the Japanese context regarding the collective bargaining as a tool for negotiations between labor elements and the organizations (Fuess, 2001). Collective bargaining in Japan is practiced at the enterprise level and union level rather than at the national level. Since the state simply plays a decisive role and allows the lower levels to conduct their own processes, enterprise level bargaining and shop floor mechanisms enables the unions and parties to conduct their processes in the most feasible manner (Silva, 1996). Joint consultation systems are practiced in Japan in this regard to facilitate the collective bargaining aspect and to decrease conflicts which may arise within the collective bargaining procedure. This system has proved effective given the country’s culture and organizational structures (Silva, 1996). Employee Participation and Involvement The employees participate on an enterprise level and hence the unions and associations basically constitute a organization specific movement. The enterprises create their own policies and then commonalities are identified which can then be implemented on a wider scale across the national board to maintain some consistency and ensure no injustice is done in certain localities. Since most associations are divided along numerous factors, such as geographical bounds and enterprise level, the nature of participants is mostly small scale. Unlike large union meetings, smaller gatherings of major players are conducted and they decide the direction for the meetings and the outcomes. Rather than a general meeting for all members to be present, Japanese system invites influential people from the associations to represent their parties and groups and to offer suggestions. Involvement is thus lower in Japan when compared to that of trade unions in western cultures and countries such as Germany, Canada, USA and UK. Industrial disputes, strikes and mediating institutions Since the past disputes which resulted in the government to become actively involved in the settlement of trade unions concerns, the Japanese have developed policies and labour laws for the purpose of decreasing the number of strikes and conflict scenarios which may arise between employees and organizations. Unlike the past where production level fell drastically in the 80s and 90s, the Japanese enterprise level unions have been critical in resolving employee concerns as soon as they stem up. Rather than using reactive measures such as lock-outs and firing employees, organizations have adopted preventive measures and ensure systems which would alert warning signals when employees became agitated. The situation can then be quickly resolved and the production levels and employee performance does not suffer so drastically. Economic Integration and Recent Changes The Japanese system of managing their workforce seems stable and has over time evolved to resolve the issues which occasionally arose. The current system is suitable for the local culture and since the Japanese culture is highly collectivist, this system is efficient for handling the specific concerns which arise time and again. The current globalization has led to a deeper interaction with western cultures which are quite different from the local Japanese culture but they have minimal effect as the Japanese culture does not become too effected by this interaction and the local system still suits the organizational structures the best. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS By looking into the Japanese Employment Relation model we have been able to see the gradual transition and development of the employees interactions with organizations and the various entities which play an important role in determining the employee relation policies and practices. The paper has been able to draw a picture of the national situation and has analyzed the employee relations comparing it to western standards creating a better understanding of the local deviation from the western style of handling employee relations. What we have come to understand is that the trade unions are basically a political tool used by the citizenry in manipulating government decisions and this has led to a government vigil over these entities processes. The government closely supervises the enterprises and corporations and has developed a forward integrated union system which works on the enterprise level, hence reducing the damage which may be caused by a revolt or strike by certain workers. The government has divided the entities into miniscule units for closer supervision and has actively participated in monitoring these entities. The sources shed light and support the arguments and facts stated thereby creating a solid argument regarding the employee relation model and consolidating the statements said therein.

Information and Knowledge Management Essay

The group presented Xerox and NASA as case studies for Information and Knowledge Management concepts and processes. These two case studies are chosen for their unique experiences. It is not the focus of this material to compare and contrast the two cases. The objective of this material is to discuss how the key issues that were chosen by the group relate to the growing literature about Information and Knowledge Management. Along with this, efforts to differentiate Information Management and Knowledge Management provide a better grasp of these two concepts, their practices and their roles in organizations. Xerox’s case focused on its organizations efforts to arrive at accessing its knowledge by transforming tacit into explicit. Prior to the establishment of its knowledge base system, in the form of Eureka II, ethnographic work on Xerox employees provided an initiative for the company to grow an interest in managing its organizational learning. The key issues from this study were identified. Andrew Cox’s investigation of Xerox’s Eureka system and its inception seems to indicate that knowledge management is a re-packaged concept of information management. The employment of Orr’s ethnographic work implicates a possibility that the organization used this innovation as its own â€Å"rebranding tool†. (Suchman in Cox, 2007, p. 7). Furthermore, the group inquires about the concept of communities of practice (CoPs) as a more promising alternative to the technical approach implemented in Eureka’s construction as knowledge base system. The case study of Xerox provided an opportunity to glimpse how an organization behaves and transforms its practices to create innovations and, in turn, keep its stability and competitive edge in the market. The special case of NASA’s Challenger incident is an important specimen to investigate how an organization manages its security and safety practices. The nature of NASA as an organization can be understood by examining its vision, mission and goals. However, the group focused on a particular incident and its chronology. Risk analysis and risk management are some of the concepts that relate to this organization’s experience in information and knowledge management. Some of the key concerns for this case are identified as: (1) Should NASA have a Eureka-type system? ; (2) Do you think communities of practice would have helped NASA? ; and (3) How would NASA have benefited from going through the alignment process? This material attempts to clarify these inquiries and to provide direction by citing numerous studies and concepts in the field of knowledge management. Discussion NASA’s case, particularly of Challenger incident, can be examined by using the concept of risk assessment and management. Risk management is defined in NASA’s literature as â€Å" a management process by which the safety risks can be brought to levels or values that are acceptable to the final approval authority. † (ASEB, p. 79). Processes such as the establishment of acceptable risk levels, formalization of changes in system design or operational method to achieve such risk levels , system validation and certification and system quality assurance were enumerated as part of risk management. ASEB, p 79). After the Challenger incident, recommendations such as hierarchical tasks were cited: The Committee believes that risk management must be the responsibility of line management (i. e. , program manager and, ultimately, the Administrator of NASA). Only this program management, not the safety organizations, can make judicious use of means available to achieve the operational goals while reducing the safety risks to acceptable levels. Safety organizations cannot, however, assure safe operation; they can only assure that the safety risks have been properly evaluated, and that the system configuration and operation is being controlled to those risk levels which have been accepted by top management. (4. 1, 4. 3) (ASEB, p. 79) The passage above was one of the lessons learned, the identification of the elements of and responsibilities for risk assessment and risk management, as cited in the assessment document in 1988. Establishment of responsibility for program direction and integration, the need for quantitative measures of relative risk, the need for integrated review and overview in the assessment of risk and in independent evaluation of retention rationales, independence of the certification of flight hardware and of software validation and verification, and safety margins for flight structures were all cited as lessons learned following the Challenger accident. Clearly, risk management is an aspect of information management in this particular case. Aside from the initiatives for changes in the areas of risk assessment and management, examining NASA as a learning organization might helpfully illustrate the information processes within the organization. Organizational learning in NASA can be traced back to Apollo era when centralization of shuttle management structure was adopted. (Mahler & Casamayou, 2009, p. 164). But these lessons can be unlearned as what the case of the Challenger accident had shown. Prior to the Columbia accident that followed in 2003, unlearning in critical decision areas occurred. Mahler & Casamayou (2009) relates this event as follows: Similarly, there was initial evidence that NASA had learned to resist schedule pressures. The agency delayed launches to deal with ongoing technical problems and made the decision to rely on the shuttle only when absolutely needed, But these lessons from the Challenger faded in the 1990s under severe budget constraints and new schedule pressures created by our participation in the International Space Station. (2009, p. 164) This relates how outside forces can affect organizational learning. Public organizational learning, not unlike corporate organizational learning, is affected by its environment. Risk assessment and management, instead of context in market competence and capital gains in corporations, becomes the context of reliable goals and public stature in public organizations such as NASA. There are particulars of public organizational learning that should be brought to light to better understand the information processes and learning behaviors within NASA. Mahler & Casamayou (2009) enumerated a three-part process of organizational learning. One is problem recognition, another is analyzing the results to produce inferences about cause and effect in the hopes of arriving at an understanding how to achieve better results, and the last one is the institution of new knowledge that the organization will benefit from. (Mahler & Casamayou, 2009, p. 166). These processes summarizes the processes of public organizational learning on a macro-level. It is also important to examine the interactions of actors within the organization. During the group presentation, inquiries about how NASA should benefit from a Eureka-type system was mentioned. The concept of communities of practice (CoPs) within NASA, as a source of Andrew Cox’s (2004)non-canonical knowledge was explored. Before the establishment of any knowledge base systems, an eventful experience is treated as a learning source. As with NASA’s case, following the Apollo era, detection systems were installed and had been reliable ever since its inception. These quantitative measures of assessing risks and failures runs parallel with the practice of corporate organizations over-reliance on technology, as what the firs-generation knowledge management practice brought us its â€Å"IT trap†. (Huysman & Wulf, 2006). What should also be noted is the transformation of NASA into a complex system of actors, decision makers and diagnostic and technological tools. As a system becomes more complex, there could be a higher possibility for unexpected and undesirable outcomes. The concept of Charles Perrow’s (1999) normal accident theory is closely related to this inference. The nature of function and decision-making within NASA exemplifies Perrow’s concepts of coupling and interactions. Interactions can be tightly coupled or loosely coupled, as with NASA’s case it is of course tightly coupled. These tightly coupled interactions found within an organization cannot tolerate delay. Interactions can be linear or complex. (Perrow,1999). As with NASA’s case, it is undoubtedly complex. As mentioned earlier, the possible over-reliance on diagnostic systems and isolation of decision makers and pressure to launch are accountable for the incident. Judging and perceiving also play a role in learning. Decisions in NASA’s case are measure-based and as well as judgement-based which could be said, is more reliant on intuition and non-verbal experience. But in this case, NASA’s critical decision actors were not thoroughly immersed in the safety measure practice which in turn shows that organizational structure has a role in the incident. As Baumard (1999) related in his work on tacit knowledge in organizations, ‘puzzled organizations’ are manifest when accidents take place. The notion of ‘acceptability’ was, in effect, a social construction developed in the context of an organization in which the perception of risk thresholds had been modified by the routinization of the mastery of a complex technology. If the O-ring problem had been brought to the attention of an untrained public it would quite probably have provoked an animated reaction. In a different social context it would have been found entirely ‘unacceptable’ to launch space shuttles with joints that risked giving way, whatever the level of this risk. Despite the accuracy, the precision to categorize the risk associated with the joints as ‘acceptable’ seems to be based more on the common meaning of the word ‘acceptable’ than on any scientific definition. There is no equivalent to the ‘acceptable’ in other areas of exact science—it is a value judgement, not a measure. This suggests that, it ‘reality is hidden by measures’ (Berry, 1983), measures too may be sometime hidden by reality. The road to disaster in the Challenger shuttle case was clearly of social construction.

Free Essays on Household-Family In Eighteenth Century England

The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England In Naomi Tadmor’s article, The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth Century England, she discussed what a household family consisted of though the analization of five different books written in the eighteen century. Although she used all five, she concentrated on a personal diary of Thomas Turner, a mid-eighteenth century shopkeeper. Through his writings, she depicted what family life was like. She thought that his diary would be the best example because he speaks of his personal experience on a daily basis. The personal experiences of a real person are always better than those of a character in a novel because the situations are real, and therefore more reliable. Throughout the article, Tadmor explains that the eighteenth century English family was characteristically nuclear, and non-complex. In the early modern period, it was uncharacteristic of an English family to be large and complex. English people often were referring to all types of dependants who lived in their household when they spoke of their families. These dependents usually consisted of spouses, children, servants, apprentices, and co-resident relatives. Tadmor notes that the author of the Dictionary published in 1755, Samuel Johnson, defined the term family as, â€Å"those who live in the same house.† According to Tadmor, household’s dependents were diverse, and most members were not related in a consanguinal manner. She states that, â€Å"when people left households or joined them, as servants, apprentices, wards, or even as long-term guests, their actions were very often understood as familial actions.† Of course there were references to family as being related by blood or through marriage, but there was also a very common concept of family through relationships of authority, and co-residence. A household-family was considered to consist of people who live under the same r... Free Essays on Household-Family In Eighteenth Century England Free Essays on Household-Family In Eighteenth Century England The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England In Naomi Tadmor’s article, The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth Century England, she discussed what a household family consisted of though the analization of five different books written in the eighteen century. Although she used all five, she concentrated on a personal diary of Thomas Turner, a mid-eighteenth century shopkeeper. Through his writings, she depicted what family life was like. She thought that his diary would be the best example because he speaks of his personal experience on a daily basis. The personal experiences of a real person are always better than those of a character in a novel because the situations are real, and therefore more reliable. Throughout the article, Tadmor explains that the eighteenth century English family was characteristically nuclear, and non-complex. In the early modern period, it was uncharacteristic of an English family to be large and complex. English people often were referring to all types of dependants who lived in their household when they spoke of their families. These dependents usually consisted of spouses, children, servants, apprentices, and co-resident relatives. Tadmor notes that the author of the Dictionary published in 1755, Samuel Johnson, defined the term family as, â€Å"those who live in the same house.† According to Tadmor, household’s dependents were diverse, and most members were not related in a consanguinal manner. She states that, â€Å"when people left households or joined them, as servants, apprentices, wards, or even as long-term guests, their actions were very often understood as familial actions.† Of course there were references to family as being related by blood or through marriage, but there was also a very common concept of family through relationships of authority, and co-residence. A household-family was considered to consist of people who live under the same r...

Qu son los delitos de conducta inmoral y consecuencias

Qu son los delitos de conducta inmoral y consecuencias Los delitos inmorales tienen enormes  consecuencias negativas tanto para los migrantes -legales e indocumentados- como para las personas  que desean visitar o emigrar a Estados Unidos. Y es que estos delitos, conocidos en inglà ©s como crimes of  moral turpitude o CMT o ICMT, afectan a la capacidad para sacar todas visas no inmigrantes, como por ejemplo la de turista. Tambià ©n son causa para que se rechace la obtencià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Asimismo, los delitos inmorales son causa de deportacià ³n y, finalmente, tambià ©n pueden impedir la obtencià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. Por todas estas razones en este artà ­culo se explican cules  son las felonà ­as o delitos inmorales y cà ³mo afecta a cada una de las situaciones que pueden presentarse y quà © se puede hacer en estos casos.  ¿Cules son los delitos inmorales? No hay ninguna ley que diga cules son. De hecho, ninguna persona es formalmente acusada y enjuiciada por un delito de conducta inmoral. Entonces,  ¿quà © son? Segà ºn la Corte de Apelaciones de Inmigracià ³n (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), los delitos inmorales son conductas molestas que atentan contra la moralidad de la sociedad, bien porque su autor actuà ³ con una intencià ³n realmente mala (evil) o porque actuà ³ sin ningà ºn cuidado o consideracià ³n, incluso con temeridad.  ¿Quià ©n decide que un delito o una falta es inmoral, que es moral turpitude? Las agencias del gobierno, como el Servicio de Ciudadanà ­a e Inmigracià ³n, conocido como USCIS en inglà ©s, o los oficiales consulares. Y por supuesto las Cortes de Inmigracià ³n. Hay que destacar que no hay opinià ³n unnime y que la misma conducta puede ser considerada de manera distinta segà ºn la persona a la que le corresponda valorarlas. En todo caso, a continuacià ³n se enuncia una lista de acciones que, segà ºn las circunstancias del caso, han sido catalogadas consistentemente como delitos inmorales, destacando que muchas de ellas estn catalogadas como delitos (felonies), pero otras son, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, simples faltas desde el punto de vista penal (misdemeanors). Pero eso no es obstculo para que sean considerados delitos inmorales a la hora de aplicar las leyes migratorias. Adems, hay que subrayar que algunos de los delitos de conducta inmoral se consideran tambià ©n como agravados. Si se califican como agravados, las consecuencias son incluso ms graves. Listado de delitosy faltas que pueden ser calificados como inmorales Delitos de conducta inmoral contra la propiedad: Extorsionar, hurtar, robar, transportar con conocimiento mercancà ­a robada o aceptarla.Defraudar mediante representacià ³n falsa. Es decir, presentando a sabiendas un hecho falso como si fuese verdadero para poder defraudar a otra persona.Alterar un documento con el objeto de lograr que otra persona, la và ­ctima, entregue un tà ­tulo o escritura de propiedad.Destruir maliciosamente propiedad pà ºblica o privada.Provocar un incendio o realizar una falsificacià ³n con el fin de cometer un delito contra la propiedad.Desfalcar, malversar fondos o chantajear. Delitos de conducta inmoral contra la Autoridad: Evadir a sabiendas el pago de impuestos, esconder tambià ©n con conocimiento a un fugitivo de la justicia.Falsificar dinero.Cometer perjurio.Tambià ©n forman parte de esta categorà ­a de crà ­menes obtener dinero u otra cosa de valor mediante un fraude cometido por medio del sistema de Correos.Cohecho, es decir, un soborno en el que la persona que pide o recibe dinero u otra clase de beneficio es un funcionario pà ºblico o un miembro de la Autoridad. Delitos de conducta inmoral contra las personas: Abandonar voluntariamente a un nià ±o, cuando como resultado el menor quede en situacià ³n de dificultad econà ³mica o contribuir a que el menor cometa un delito. (El no pagar la pensià ³n alimenticia a un hijo puede ser considerado como un delito inmoral. Asà ­ el hijo està © en EEUU o en otro paà ­s).Participar en un tumulto en el que se produzca una alteracià ³n del orden pà ºblico.Agredir a otra persona o bien con un arma peligrosa o bien con la intencià ³n de robar, asesinar, violar o causar lesiones.Tambià ©n estn incluidos en estos crà ­menes el asesinato, el secuestro, el homicidio voluntario e incluso el involuntario, cuando se el autor haya sido manifiestamente imprudente, excepto en los casos de accidentes de trfico que no se consideran como una falta moral, a menos que haya habido consumo de drogas, alcohol, exceso de velocidad a todas luces temerario. Delitos contra la libertad y la moral sexual: Bigamia, o estar casado con ms de una persona al mismo tiempoIncesto y estupro, entendido este à ºltimo como una relacià ³n sexual de un adulto con un menor de edad que ya ha alcanzado la adolescencia, aunque dicha relacià ³n sea consentida por el menor.Violacià ³nProstitucià ³nFraude de paternidad, es decir, que una mujer declare que un determinado hombre es el padre biolà ³gico de un nià ±o a sabiendas de que el verdadero padre es otro, generalmente por interà ©s econà ³mico.Actos de naturaleza sexual en los que no hay tocamiento con la và ­ctima, como por ejemplo exposicià ³n en pà ºblico y ante otra persona de las partes à ­ntimas.Actos lujuriosos y obscenos inapropiados (lewdness), como mantener relaciones à ­ntimas en pà ºblico. Consecuencias migratorias de los delitos inmorales Los delitos inmorales pueden afectar a asuntos tan distintos como la deportacià ³n, denegacià ³n de visas no inmigrantes, denegacià ³n de la green card y no aprobacià ³n de la peticià ³n de naturalizacià ³n para obtener la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. Como causas de deportacià ³n, recordar que los extranjeros que se encuentran en Estados Unidos pueden ser deportados dependiendo del tipo de infraccià ³n que cometan. En el caso especà ­fico de cà ³mo los delitos inmorales pueden ser causa de deportacià ³n de los residentes permanentes legales decir que puede suceder si: se cometieron en los cinco primeros aà ±os que siguieron a la  entrada en EEUU y la sentencia fue de, al menos, un aà ±o.Se cometieron 2 o ms delitos inmorales desde la fecha en que fue admitido a Estados Unidos legalmente. Dependiendo del caso, podrà ­a obtenerse una forma de alivio frente a la deportacià ³n segà ºn los lazos familiares, tiempo de estancia en los Estados Unidos, etc. Eso siempre que el delito inmoral no sea, al mismo tiempo, un delito agravado. Porque estos à ºltimos permiten menos opciones. Adems, los delitos inmorales pueden ser causa de lo que se conoce como inadmisibilidad. Esto opera de distintas formas. Por ejemplo, es causa para la denegacià ³n de la green card tanto cuando se tramita por ajuste de estatus o por medio de un procedimiento consular. Asimismo, los delitos inmorales convierten en inadmisibles a los extranjeros que desean ingresar a EEUU con una visa no inmigrante o sin visa por pertenecer a un paà ­s en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas.   La inadmisibilidad aplica por delito inmoral cuando la condena mxima que se puede recibir es de ms de un aà ±o. Tambià ©n cuando se ha sido sentenciado a ms de seis meses de reclusià ³n. En estos dos la regla no aplica cuando se cometià ³ el delito con menos de 18 aà ±os y ya han pasado al menos 5 desde la fecha en que se abandonà ³ la prisià ³n o el correccional. Tambià ©n se es inadmisible cuando se han cometido dos o ms delitos inmorales. En este caso no hay excepcià ³n por cuestià ³n de edad. En los casos de inadmisibilidad podrà ­a solicitarse un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso. Si bien hay que tener en cuenta que se piden ms requisitos en el caso de que el perdà ³n fuera necesaria para obtener una visa inmigrante (residencia permanente). En estos casos de visas inmigrantes la ley contempla dos supuestos en los que se puede aprobar el perdà ³n. En primer lugar, si ya han pasado ms de 15 aà ±os desde que se cometià ³ el delito inmoral y la persona ha sido rehabilitada o, en segundo lugar, si la persona ha sido pedida por uno de sus padres, cà ³nyuges o hijos que son ciudadanos americanos o residentes permanentes legales y se puede probar que se da el requisito de dureza extrema. Por à ºltimo, los delitos inmorales tambià ©n afectan a la naturalizacià ³n para obtener la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense porque o se cumple el requisito de buen carcter moral. Es muy importante asesorarse porque en la prctica muchos de estos casos dan lugar al inicio de un proceso de deportacià ³n. La importancia de abogado en casos de delitos inmorales Los delitos inmorales pueden provocar consecuencias muy graves. Adems, tienen el problema de que no hay un listado cerrado de acciones que pueden ser asà ­ calificadas por lo que a veces hay una situacià ³n poco clara sobre posibles efectos. Tambià ©n hay que tener en cuenta que para tener problemas no es necesaria la condena, ya que es suficiente la admisià ³n de haber cometido un delito inmoral. Por esta razà ³n, es muy importante contar con los servicios y asesorà ­a de un abogado que entienda las posibles consecuencias migratorias de estos actos, y no solo las penales. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Research J 5.3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research J 5.3 - Essay Example The researcher must support with an explanation each item on the questionnaire what it is expected to measure. Face validity can take items by face value and exactly assess the face value. Some items can have lower face validity than what it appears to have. It involves the assessment of normal people in the field. Content validity involves the assessment of experts in the field, but it is non-empirical and judgmental (Adler & Clark, 2014). Reliability is measured by test-retest which is obtained by running the same test twice on the same test subject in a given period. The results from both tests are evaluated for test of stability over that period. Example, a test done for a particular crime can be retested in the occurrence of another similar crime. The correlation will give a stability score. Construct validity is assessment based on variables that are related. Construct validity carries weight when proof or of evidence is provided. Interrater reliability is used where results for one observer are strategically used in comparison with another using the same method. Interrater reliability is used when two or more measures are not reliable. They can compare correlatively those results using interrater (Maxifield & Babbie, 2012). A scale is defined as a measure of responding to a question, compilation of statements or questions used to respond to a concept studied. There are three types of attitudinal scaling used in criminal justice. Thurstone scale uses paired comparisons and equal appearing intervals methods to scale. Judges are given several pairs of questions and choose which would most fit the concept of study. The one picked most becomes part of the questionnaire. The judges are required to give a number scale on the strength of each question. The researcher then takes the questions that showed the strongest agreement from the judges. The weak questions are eliminated when